FILLING IN THE BLANKS: Researching the Story of How They Met

1856 Currier & Ives Birds eye view of Chicago
Public Domain Library of Congress

See How my Forty Year old Brick Wall was Broken and Locating Immigration Records for the earlier part of this story. It is amazing how much you can find to fill in pieces of the story. For this part I searched for early maps of Chicago at the Library of Congress. Searched for histories of the Immanuel Lutheran church in Chicago. Also searched Newspapers at Newspaper, etchings and contacted the Archives of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

CONNECTING THE DOTS

In August of 1852 Elizabeth Olson [previously Aslaûg Eilefsdotter] arrived in Chicago after a journey of 9-10 days from New York. She likely joined a small Norwegian congregation which later becomes the Immanuel Lutheran Church. The print above is from a few years after her arrival. It gives us the lay of the land and a window into the world to which she arrived. We are looking west along the Chicago RIver Area. To the north (right) is the area then called “The Sands,” where many Scandinavian immigrants lived. Literally a little shanty town of Norwegian immigrants in the sand. About 9 blocks west and 9 blocks north is where the Immanuel Church was located [top right half way back from Lake to canal]. You can see the railroads on the right where she would have arrived. In 1850 the population of Chicago was 28,269 of which 562 were Norwegian. Two years later, in 1852, the population had grown by more than 10,000 to 38,734. I do not know but suspect that Elizabeth worked as a servant or laundress after her arrival. Perhaps working for a Norwegian family. Did she already have a job awaiting her? Did she have friends or family already in Chicago? We probably will never know.

1852 CHICAGO

These were not easy times for immigrants. I was lucky to have located the record of the marriage of Elizabeth in 1855 at the Immanuel Lutheran Church, so this was my starting place. Digging deep into the foundations of the Immanuel Lutheran Church of Chicago I find valuable stories and context. What follows below in italics is adapted and condensed from The Story of The Immanuel Lutheran Church By C. O. Bengston 1928

The small congregation of German Lutherans organized a Lutheran Church in Chicago in 1848. They collected funds from St Louis to build a church on the corner of Superior St between Wells and LaSalle streets. The church was only partially built when a imposter parson took off with the money. Some of the Norwegian members had been distrustful of Gustaf Smith from the beginning and they sent for Norwegian, Paul Andersen, a then seminary student at Beloit College. The same year he was ordained by the Evangelical Lutheran Frankean Synod.

In 1852 a small company of immigrants came to Chicago from Västergötland, Sweden. They continued on by boat intending to settle in Sheboygan, Wisconsin. No one came to greet them and after two days they returned to Chicago. Here they managed to find quarters with some Norwegian families, members of the Lutheran Church. Many of them soon fell ill with the cholera, and one expressing an eager desire to see a Norwegian, Lutheran pastor, Rev. Paul Andersen was sent for. Though it was late in the night, he came with spiritual comfort for the sick and the dying. As time went on he continued his ministrations, giving them all good counsel and assistance, in both spiritual and temporal things. As a result, the members of the little band became much attached to him most of them, joining his church. Rev. Andersen was already fully occupied in meeting the spiritual needs of the Norwegians. He felt that to them belonged the first claim on his time and strength. His influence on the Swedish people was, naturally, rather limited.

In October of 1852 Rev. Tuve N. Hasselquist comes from Sweden and agrees to help with the search for a Swedish clergymen.

1853 CHICAGO

True to his word Rev. Tuve N. Hasselquist returns in January of 1853. In a letter back to Sweden dated January 17th he wrote that he essentially preached to the Norwegians in the forenoon and the Swedes in the afternoon. At the time the number of parishoners was 80. Rev. Erland Carlsson from the Växjö diocese of Sweden, was selected to fill the void. He set sail for America in the company of 176 Swedish immigrants, on June 3, 1853. The total on board was 554 from many places including Sweden, Norway, Ireland, and England. Twenty-six died aboard ship. Were they perhaps bringing cholera with them? They reached New York on Saturday, August 13th. On Monday, August 22nd, Rev. Carlsson arrived in Chicago. From the time of organization until Rev. Carlsson arrived, the congregation held its services in the Norwegian Church, each Sunday. Rev. Carlsson preached his first sermon on August 28th, the Fourteenth Sunday after Trinity. Before long the congregation purchased the unfinished structure on Superior Street.

During the first years Rev. Carlsson and the people endured many hardships. It is only to be expected that they looked upon themselves as strangers in a strange land. This sentiment served to draw them closer together, and where there was also spiritual fellowship, based on the mutual experience of grace, the attachment became dear, and tender. As Rev. Carlsson took hold, vigorously, on the multifarious duties crowding upon him, he was confident that God would supply him with both strength and wisdom for his labors. On the first page of the church records he has written these words: “Relying upon divine assistance I a determined to declare the truth openly and faithfully, whatever difficulties may be thrown in my way.” Is there, perhaps, an element of prophecy in the circumstance that he wrote these words in the English language?

By the time Rev. Carlsson took charge, the majority of the original eighty communicant members had drifted away. Thirty-six remained: eight married couples, and twenty single persons. All of them were in strained financial circumstances. They lived in shanties, or other crowded and inadequate rented quarters. As they could not house the pastor, he secured two rooms with a Norwegian family. For lodging, board, and laundry he paid ten dollars a month. For the year 1854 men worked for fifty cents a day, and women took in washing for ten to twenty-five cents a day, while flour cost seven dollars a barrel and rent, for five or six rooms, was twenty dollars a month.

Charles Gustavus Vanstrum [Carl Gustavus Wernstöm], my second great grandfather is recorded in censuses and newspaper articles as having immigrated in 1853. Just yesterday I found him in the Flyttningar [Moving list] for Bexeda aka Bäckseda, Jonkoping Sweden and sure enough it says he arrived in Bäckseda in 1852 and left in 1853 for America and he is listed as a Carpenter. [More on how I found this below under process.]

The fourth entry is for Carl G Vernström born Faslberga [Fässeberg] Note that he and Carl John Ericson both are Snickare or Carpenters both from Snöstorp in 1852 and Leave for America in 1853 Flyttninger Bäckseda

A ship’s passenger list has not been located for him or Carl Ericson listed right after him. [They may have entered through Quebec where no such records exist for this year]. It looks like these two young carpenters went first from Snöstorp to Bäckseda before immigrating to America. We can surmise that they joined this mixed community of Norwegians and Swedes North of the Chicago River upon their arrival in 1853. They were likely employed as a carpenters and perhaps even in the finishing of Immanuel Lutheran Church. My Carl was said to have been an excellent cabinet maker so he may have built the pews or altar. We do not know. He was listed on the 1860 census as a carpenter and that he could read and write. Unlike some of the immigrants he was a skilled craftsman. Perhaps Charles was among the many passengers arriving in July as noted in the Chicago Tribune.

Chicago Tribune 13 July 1853

1854 CHICAGO

The year 1854 has been called the “terrible cholera year.” It has been estimated that about two thirds of the immigrants who arrived that year perished in the plague. “Many literally walked about and died. A servant girl would look out through the window and see a hearse driving by, not knowing that the coffin contained the remains of her father or other. Members of families were buried before the husband or father returned from work in the evening. The sufferings of those who remained or survived can only be imagined. Innumerable families were scattered. Immigrants were told to go elsewhere to avoid getting ill.

Rev. Carlsson was tireless in his efforts to alleviate the misery both within and without the membership of the church. He allowed himself scarcely any rest, but spent the time from early morning until late evening among the sick and dying. About one tenth of the membership of Immanuel Church died . The mortality rate of the children was even greater. Immigration essentially ceased in 1854.

In Chicago in 1854 1,424, died of cholera both young and old, often within hours of their first symptoms. Another 210 died that year from “diarrhea” and 242 more from “dysentery,” which may actually have been cholera.

HOW DID THEY MEET

“Norsk bondeliv” (Norwegian peasant life) by J. B. Sonderland 1853 Dusseldorf

I have often wondered how my second great grandparents met and courted for she was Norwegian and he was Swedish. The previous information on the Immanuel Lutheran church certain gave ample opportunity for the two to interact. Whether they met at worship or perhaps when they were both aiding those suffering from cholera or perhaps he contracted cholera and she nursed him back to health or vica versa. Or maybe he was working on the church building and she was keeping the workers supplied with food and drink. We have only our imaginations to fill in the blanks. Although they spoke different languages and came from different countries they shared the immigrant experience, the Lutheran faith and they endured the hardship of the cholera epidemic.

They were brought together into a small enclave with German roots, and Norwegian and Swedish parishioners. The Norwegian, Rev Paul Anderson, is credited with holding services in English. Did this allow both Swedish and Norwegian parishioners to communicate with each other while learning the language of their adopted country? This listing from the day of their marriage shows the Rev Paul Anderson as the pastor so it is certainly he who married them. Rev Anderson was born the 24th of August 1821 at Nordland, Vang, Valdres, Norway about 108 miles as the crow flies from Vinje, Telemark, where Elizabeth was born. Both are small villages on the shores of a fjord. So they would have had much in common.

May 19 1855 Chicago Tribune Worship Directory
Lutheran: Norwegian Church Superior bt. Wells and Lasalle Sts. Rev Paul Anderson Service at 10:30 & 3

Although Elizabeth was a full two years older than Charles there must have been something that sparked their interest in each other. They married Saturday, May 19, 1855 listed as Carl Gust. Wernström and Elisabeth Olsson both of Chicago.

May 19 1855 Marriage at Immanuel Lutheran, Chicago courtesy of Archives of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

To this union was born the following year a son April 7, 1856 Carl Wilhelm Wernström. He was baptised on April 17th.

Baptism from Immanuel Lutheran 1856 Courtesy of Archives of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

And here we have the family In the Immanuel Lutheran Church for Chicago and it lists the arrival of Carl G Wernström from Brexeda, Jönköping [Sweden] in 1853. And leaving for Red Wing [Minnesota] in 1856

Household Examination for Immanuel Lutheran Church, Chicago Archives of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

Note Snickaren means Carpenter—so Carpenter Carl G Wernström born Fossberga [Fässeberg] came to US in 1853, left for Red Wing in 1856. Next will trace their movement from Chicago to Red Wing Minnesota.

Addendum: I checked all the records for the first ten years of Immanuel Lutheran Church in Chicago. The majority of parishioners are Swedish. I could locate only 3 additional records of a Norwegian marrying a Swede:

  • 1856 Mar 21 Lena Knudsdotter of Stavanger Norway to Johan Jacob Nettherstrom of Malmo Sweden
  • 1856 Dec 3 Niels Olsen Strand of Eidsvald, Norway to Anne Borthune ? Hansdotter of Lyngdal, Sweden
  • 1861 Jan 28 Knud Knutsson of Holden Prison?, Norway and Stina Nilsdotter of Värö socken, Halland, Sweden

So altogether of the four mixed marriages there were two each of Norwegian men and Norwegian women marrying Swedish spouses. Carl Gustaf and Elizabeth being the first in 1855.

PROCESS

The way I came by this last piece was not through any search engine for Carl Wernström [or variants]. All such searches now and over the years have been relatively fruitless. So I think it may be helpful to others to find out how I got here. Instead of searching for Carl I decided to search Ancestry for the minister of the church and chose Erland Carlsson being an unusual first name is easier to find. The tenth resource was the Membership Record for Immanuel Lutheran Church from the Lutheran Archives. It took only a few pages to find. the above entry.

Then I looked for any other entries for Bexada and I found a Carl Johan Erickson also from Bexada also coming in the same year and also a carpenter! It took me awhile to figure out Bexada is now Bäckseda. Then I searched for Carl Johan Erickson in Bäckseda and found not only Carl Erickson but my Carl G. Vernström. Both the same age both came to Bäckseda from Snöstorp where I knew my Carl had lived. Matching birth dates sealed the deal.

RESEARCH SUGGESTIONS

  • Early maps from Library of Congress or other Archives
  • Histories of the Church denomination of your ancestor
  • Newspapers including foreign language newspapers
  • Etchings, drawings or photos from Google search, archives or ebay
  • Archives of religious or secular organizations to which your ancestors may have belonged
  • Look for others from the same place when you have difficulty finding your ancestor

Kelly Wheaton ©2023 – All Rights Reserved

TACKLING TRANSLATION: Helpful Hints

If you don’t have any non-English speaking ancestors you can skip this Blog post. However if you are like me you you will encounter French, German, Swedish, Norwegian and Dutch records in researching your ancestors. In Junior High and High School I took Spanish—and the truth be told I was never very good at it even after over 5 years of instruction. To date, I have no known Spanish speaking ancestors in my tree, although there may be a Portuguese one or two back in the 1500’s.

Needless to say there are many people that are very good a foreign languages—I am NOT one of them! Over the years I have gotten by with genealogy Cheat sheets like the ones you can find on the FamilySearch Wikis, foreign language dictionaries, and more recently Google Translate. I few years back when I had arranged a guided tour in Scotland and the tour was to be given in Spanish, I downloaded the Google Translate app to my phone. I didn’t end up having to use it as our guide spoke perfect English and we were the only ones on the tour. But it did come in handy a few years later in Germany when my host spoke only a little English and his wife none. Google did an admirable job of translating the spoken language in German into English and vica versa.

View from inside Brasserie du Mont Blanc, Saint Gervais les Bains, France

But the real power of Google Translate for genealogy remained hidden to me until I was sitting at a restaurant in the French Alps and finding the menu bewildering my grandson showed me the REAL power of Google Translate in all its glory. Open the Google Translate app; Point the phone at the menu, and voliá French becomes English. How great is that? Well I ordered this! And it was to die for: Avocados, fresh butter lettuce, walnuts, hard boiled eggs, julienned carrots, cherry tomatoes, peppers and the freshest mouth watering goat cheese. Success!

GOOGLE TRANSLATE for GENEALOGISTS

So it took me awhile to turn this new found tool, onto foreign language texts or documents. You have two options in Google Translate: Conversation, for spoken language and Camera for writing or texts. Choose camera and with Google Lens aim at the text you want to translate. Obviously it does better with printed text but can sometimes manage handwriting. The second option is to send the translated text in the original language and the translation in English to your phone where you can copy it and send to yourself by email of text. Now mind you it isn’t perfect but it’s darn good. So on the left we have a photo of the original text. On the left is the translation as it appears on the Phone screen and you can see at the bottom “Send to Translate Home” where it will send to your phone the text in both German and English. This works on any two languages you choose.

GOOGLE LENS

Google Lens sure beats typing all this out by hand! It works hand in hand with Google Translate or you can download the Google Lens app and translate any writing into text. Try it out—you can thank me a thousand times later.

Sadly it does not work so well with old Gothic Script in Latin and other fancy scripts—but it sometimes helps—maybe someday it can tackle the really tough stuff.

Kelly Wheaton ©2023 – All Rights Reserved

Locating Immigration Records: As luck would have it from Norway to Chicago in 1852

True Account of America in Norwegian published in 1837 available @ Newberry Library

Retracing the steps of our ancestors is a time consuming research challenge, but it is almost always worth the effort. Like most of my blog posts, although this is about a specific ancestor, the process is what is important. If you happen to have Norwegian ancestry a search of Norway Heritage is in order to see if you can locate your ancestor. It helps to know the year of immigration especially because of spelling and transcription issues. The year of immigration can sometimes be found on the 1900 or more recent census. The above book “True Account of America, like many others written in German, Swedish, Danish etc were travel and immigration guides for those thinking of transplanting to America. This along with the letters sent back home from those that had successfully made the crossing across the Atlantic were passed around and the subject of much conversation. At what age the seed was planted in Elizabeth we do not know. At 24 Elizabeth probably would have been working as a servant or laborer and perhaps saving for the dream of immigrating to “Amerika.” In 1840, Ole Knudsen Trovatten from Lårdal, Telemark [25 miles from Vinje] wrote “America Letters”, which created quite a stir. He came to Muskego, Wisconsin in 1840 and was widely spoken of in Upper Telemark.

In my earlier piece How My Forty Year Brick Wall was Broken I go into detail about finding my 2nd great grandmother Elizabeth Olson who we find out was born Asloûg Eilfsdotter in 1827 in Vinje, Telemark, Norway. In this post I am trying to retrace her steps and how she may have come to leave Vinje for Chicago Illinois. First we find her as the last entry #22 on pg 403 of Udflynttede [Leavings] 1852 Vinje. Dated April 14th she is listed as 25 years and headed “til Amerika.” Many Scandinavian countries recorded all the entrances and exits to and from their parishes.

Comparing the years before and after for the Udflynttede for Vinje leaving for Amerika in:

  • 1846 has 4 individuals
  • 1847: 2 individuals
  • 1848: 2 families and 2 individuals
  • 1849: 1 family
  • 1850: 3 families and 3 individuals
  • 1851: 7 individuals
  • 1852: 4 families and 4 individuals for a total of 22 people

The numbers drop of again in 1853 and 1854. So 1852 was the height of the early immigration out of Vinje for Amerika. I always wondered about whether she came alone to America. It is of some comfort that she was not alone on at least the first parts of her journey.

What is helpful about the Udflynttede is that the families are listed as family units, whereas on the Ship’s passenger list they are listed haphazardly. The earliest entry for Amerika leavings in 1852 is April 6th and the latest is April 21st. Whether these were the dates they checked out with the parish priest or the date they left is not known. The distance from Vinje to Kragerø is about 100 miles on foot and wagon. Whether this was their mode of transportation the timing would be about right if they left by the end of April and left Kragerø the end of May.

Part of Telemark, Norway showing parishes of origin for “Colon” passengers

The passengers that are identified by origin came from the parishes of Vinje, as the northernmost, Seljord, Kviteseid, Mø, Fryresdal, and closest to Kragerø, Sannidal. The 150 ton sailing Ship “Colon” with C. Hassel master departed Kragerø on May 27th See #82 Aslau Eleefesdtr—note the name difference. The “Colon” carried 161 Passengers: 19 are in cabins and 143 in steerage. One infant dies during the voyage and one is born . There are 15 infants, 36 children and the rest adults, the oldest is a 59 year old man. From Vinje we find the families & individuals [those with an * are also on the Udflynttede] All those from Vinje traveled in steerage:

  • Ole Olsen Fandestøel (36) and his wife Ingeborg* Bjørgesdatter Flatdal (35);
  • Ole* Amundsen Rue (32) and his wife Asbjørn* Johnsdotter (25) and daughter Sigri* (8 mos)
  • Sigvald* Olsen Midgaard (36) and his wife Asne* Egilsdatter (26) and daughter Anne (6 mos)
  • Laurentz* Augensen Ødegaarden (47) and his wife Anne* Johnsdotter (43) and children Anne* (18), August *(16), Sigri* (14), John* (14), Teliev *(12), Knud* (10)
  • Aslau* Ellefsdotter (24)
  • Halvor Olsen Berge (44)
  • Kari Knudsdatter (24) from ??
  • Margit Halvorsdotter (40) from ??
Ship’s passenger List for the Colon from Kragerø to New York
1863 Etching of Kragerø Island off the coast near Christiana Norway by Di Saint-Blaise

And a more recent photo taken in 1900. If you look closely some of the buildings look similar.

Kragerø, Norway by John Bernhard Rekstad 1900 by University of Bergen Library

The journey took 60 days. For steerage passengers the same space, below deck, was used for sleeping eating and socializing. Passengers supplied their own bedding. Food was available for purchase but the passengers had to cook it themselves. Steerage passengers were allotted time on the upper deck to get some “fresh air.” In 1852 no known ships were lost on their way from Europe to America, suggesting good travel conditions. The “Colon” arrived in New York July 26th 1852.

Sailing vessel similar to the Colon’

The passage from Kragerø to New York would have cost 20 Spd [Speciedaler] or about $20 US. In addition food on board ship may have cost as much as $15. Add to that expenses waiting to embark and upon arrival in New York after 2 months on board. The “Colon” arrived in New York July 26th 1852. Then there was the problem of passage to Chicago.

Last listing is for the arrival of the Bark Colin of Kragore, Norway note misspellings. New York Times
27 Jul 1852, Tue page 4
Birds eye view of New York and Brooklyn Published by A. Guerber & Co., c1851
Public domain Library of Congress

It is hard to imagine leaving your small village traveling days to reach the southern coast of Norway and then embarking on a sailing ship in Kragerø and landing here! Once arrived there was the problem of passage to Chicago. The most likely route would be by a series of trains to Chicago. And it was a good thing that Elizabeth landed in New York and not like many Norwegians who landed in Quebec. For had she, she might have taken a steamer down the St Lawrence Seaway and across the Great Lakes. This article from The National Intelligencer dated August 21, 1752 recounts the collision, in dense fog, of the steamer ‘Atlantic’ with the propeller Ogdensburg on Lake Erie. The ‘Atlantic’ sank within a half hour and 300 of the 600 passengers drowned. Onboard were 138 Norwegians, of which 68 drowned. That is why I said “as luck would have it.” Twenty-six days and a slightly different route, Elizabeth may have perished and I might not be here.

As it is I believe Asloûg probably went by train. The first line connecting Chicago to New York, via Buffalo, was opened on 22 February 1852. However this did not mean you could board a train in New York and go straight through to Chicago. Many train changes and a ferry crossing of the Hudson River at the start and 9-10 days of travel. After 2 months on a ship in steerage, maybe it was a pleasant change.

NY times Advertisement 3 Aug 1852
1850 Railroad Map by George Leefe LOC

IMMIGRATION RESEARCH SUGGESTIONS

  • Use census to determine year of immigration
  • See if the county from which they left has emigrations or leaving records
  • Check for online directories of passenger lists like Norway Heritage
  • Ellis Island Foundation has passenger lists from 1820-1957
  • Check Ship’s Passenger lists. Many Europeans traveled to Germany or England before going to America; Some traveled into Quebec or American ports other than New York–look broadly
  • Use maps specific to the country of origin. Google maps does not show as much detail as country specific maps
  • Use newspapers to search for arrivals. Note the one I found has misspelled the port of embarkation AND the name of the Ship and the captain’s name which was Hassel
  • Look for travel guides of the vintage and written in their native language
  • Do searches to locate etchings, drawings photos etc of places especially The Library of Congress
  • Try a search of Ebay for ships or places
  • Try everything!

Kelly Wheaton ©2023 – All Rights Reserved

If Lodvor Wasn’t Lazy, Would I be here?: Stories from Vinje, Telemark, Norway

It seems our destiny hinges on a billion decisions made long before we were born. The Story of Lazy Lodvor(sometimes written with a final d) who literally squandered and lost his farms, is not just the story of my 5th great-grandfather—it is likely the reason that my 2nd great grandmother Asloûg Eilefsdotter (Elizabeth OLSON VANSTRUM) came to America in the first place. If the farm had stayed in the family she may have had better prospects. But as it was, the dwindling farm lands and growing population made it hard for families to eek out a living in mid- 19th century Norway. Her parents were farmers who owned no lands of their own, but lived and worked at many farms in Vinje [parish in Telemark]. Each farm has its own name and the history of the farms and the people who lived there are enshrined in the Norwegian bygdebøk or farm history books for Vinje.

So let’s backtrack a bit to Lazy Lodvor. Lodvor was Asloûg’s paternal great-grandfather. He had died before Asloug was born, as had her grandfather, so how much she knew of Lodvor is unknown, but he was a man of legends.

What we know of Lodvor comes from Rikard Berge’s “Vinje og Raugland “Vol II. When Rikard was 12 years old he began recording the traditional folklore from rural areas of Telemark. He was a musicologist, folklorist and biographer who collected the stories and genealogies of the area. Vinje roughly translates as “meadows” or “grasslands.” The importance of this area for farming is reflected in the Vinje Coat of Arms: a silver goat on a blue background.

The original stories are in an archaic dialect and it took many different people, a Norwegian to English Dictionary and Google Translate to make a go of it in English. Again I am indebted to Øystein Løk for his help. This is a rough translation but the gist comes through from “Vinje og Raugland Vol II.” pg 365. Midsæ is a farm, as is Haugland.

The Tales of Lazy Lodvor

Lodvord Olavsson (born about 1710), the most famous of the Midsæ-family, was certainly the son of Olav Haugland [Olav Lodvorsson Midsae Haugland]. He [Lodvor] said that he was a little chap when the locally registered soldiers were at the city of Halden to fight against Karl XII [King Charles XII of Sweden]. He listened with long ears to all stories and songs they brought back home from the war. He himself never was in any fight, but he was in the King`s register for many years. He even danced for the king, and if he hadn’t shouted so raucously each time he threw himself around, he might presumably have been better paid. The king quacked, I can believe. Lodvord had a farm it was said, in the King’s register, where he was written as “Høyentvedt” [High West].

So it seem that Lodvor was a bit of a storyteller and ham even in his youth. His father died when he was 19 so perhaps he lacked proper guidance. The death of his mother Jorunn Steffasdatter is unknown.

Annotated map of Vinje from Norgeskart,
showing Vinje church in red and various farms where Lodvor lived

“It took some time until he acquired “Midsæ.” He was twice married. There were three wedding couples at the church of Vinje when he married [10 March? 1740] to Ingebjørg Knutsdotter–it was next rented at Christmas. He didn’t have a permanent residence at that time, but a couple of years later he was at Midsæ, from where he later moved to and from. In 1743 in addition to Midsæ, it is said he possessed two additional farms, so he at that time was considered a “good” man. Midsæ he bought from Major Kraft who held the farm for three years, before Lodvord took possession. At that time he [Lodvor] was staying at Hustveit, from now on he stayed as a farmer at Midsæ for many years. However, he wasted all of it, not only Midsæ but his two other farms, he ate and drank it all. ”If there had been more, more would have been lost”, he said. “Well, I have the barrel in Lopt’us (Lofthus).”

Hustveit Storage Lofts 1871 by Knud Knudsen Bergen Librar, Notice the sod roof, log construction, the woman with a pipe, the barrel and grinding and milling stones.

“He was so relentlessly lazy that they called him Lazy-Lodvord. He complained that he didn’t feel like working until Friday after sunset, he said. Lodvord liked his food. He had a big chair made from a huge log of aspen, Olav Plassen remembered, but it had become so rotten that a big hole peeped out in front of it.Lodvord was sitting in his chair, he fried pieces of meat to eat, and when people turned up he put his knuckles inside the chair. He didn’t deny that he was lazy. “Howling! There should have been embers inside me!,” Hallvard Aaland quoted after him. Work was never attractive for Lodvord. The farm was separated. He didn’t care about the fields and therefore nothing was growing there but weeds, which he harvested. He would never harvest when the others did, just let the time go. One summer he began the haymaking three days before winter solstice. Then the winter storm came so cold that he had to hide under the barn to sharpen his scythe. “ Now I am about to be worried”, Lodvord said. After that this became a proverb: “I am about to be worried,” Lodvord said. He might go up to Bøgrend in order to go to the fields further up for hay. Then he sat down in Bøgrend and started drinking and making fun and singing – and everyone enjoyed Lodvord. But he was sitting there until dark and came back home to Midsæ with an empty sledge.”

Lodvor was incomparably smart, and had an answer for everything. He came to town in the springtime. His clothes and shoes were hideous. When the townsman saw the one leather shoe he had never seen one so bad before. Lodvor said, “Yes, here’s my wife.” The same year he went from Midsæ to Mosokn. Night came and he was tired so he sat himself under a fir tree. There he sat as the light shown all night. The fir stood for a long time and they called it Lodvor’s fir. Aslak Uppistog Vinje cut it down and she stood on the stump and spoke. [Perhaps of Lodvor]

Norway Spruce 1894

In 1752 he was married a second time to Hæge Aadnesdotter [my 5th great grandmother], and they had several children. He had such disrespect for pregnant Hæge that she gave birth in a ditch, and they asked Lodvord if he didn’t want to be in the field again. He gave an oath, “I will walk in the field again before my Hæge becomes so wide ‘o sit there in this mountain,” he said. When they had eaten everything up, both he and Hæge and the all the children, called at Midsæ. He stood above the house and looked at the garden before he parted with him: “Ah, you lazy Lodvor!” he said.

Now the children were scattered, and Lodvord walked with a staff. He went far and prayed in many villages. Once he came to Hemmestveit in Brunkeberg for a wedding. Hæge Hemmestveit was so serious. “But you man,” she said, “who has become so rich what’s amiss with you, where can you house yourself?” He had lost so much, he said. “Have you had a big fashion success, elbow burn or accident on the road?” said Haege. “No,” said Lodvord, “I don’t have them.” But I lost my desire to work, that was big enough, he said.

Annotated map of Vinje and Seljord and associated villages from Norgeskart, Shows the distance from Seljord to Flatbygdi about 8 miles and areas that Lodvor wandered begging

Oh, Lodvord made good when he went begging . Once he left with some letters. He rested at Fossheim in Aamotsdal and put himself to good use there. Coming to Markenstein, which lies next to Kloppine, he came to think that he had forgotten to eat cheese at Fossheim. So back to with the begging to eat cheese. But when he came down to Flatdal, he guessed that he had left his correspondence with Markenstein, and so he returned the long way just for the sake of the cheese.

Usually beggars are not welcome, and it was so true with Lodvord. The wife at Nylend in Grungedal, after she had given to him, she said: “They will be sent to give this laggard something,” she said. “If you’re slow to them, dear, to take advantage of a noble for shame,” he said. So he was in the north of Suldal and prayed, and there sat a priest so hopelessly greedy that he wanted to take all the prayers. Now they promised a great gift of Lodvord, he dared to go in to the priest to pray. “Yes, I dare,” said Lodvord. So he came to the priest. “Do you go here begging!” said the priest. “No, I pray in Gus’s name,” said Lodvord. “Yes, then I’ll take it from you,” said the priest. “No, leave me, you do stop,” said Lodvord, ‘” A sorrow to your sex, you stand without a shave,” he said. Then the priest took him by the beard and let him out. “Then is it the law to take a man’s beard,” said Lodvord. “Lord, you have a beard,” he said. So long he argued with him until the priest was afraid and gave him, and not a little either.

They waited one cold day, and then Lodvord suited himself, and with his big hat entered the road. With his bounty he put a whole fistful of money in his hat. Put the saying in an oath, “bless you, my song, oh long have I waited for you!” he said, and so loudly that this stranger yelled and he jumped into the air. Sayings had to be songs. He knew countless visions, great visions old as all heaps, and newer wisps, steeds and stumps. He had such goals that no one knows about such ‘mouth robbery,’ and he sang so strongly and manly that everyone listened.

In Vinje they didn’t know about the story of when he came to Seljord [Where Aloûg’s mother’s family was from, some 50 miles from Vinje] on Christmas Eve , later spoken of all, over upper Telemark. Lodvor came to Seljord on Christmas Eve begging for shelter. There, they didn’t know him, and no one would let him in. Then he asked a man: “May I borrow your axe?” He got it and then he asked the wife for coals for a fire. “What do you want with that?” she said. “Well, as I don’t have a shelter I’ll need a fire”, he said. Then he went up to the nearby forest, where he collected a lot of firewood and made a huge logfire, so big that none of the farmers in the area could avoid seeing it. The fire shone so they could see it from Flatbygdi [8 miles away]. And then he started singing, about trolls in the mountains and strong fellows, so loudly that all the people in the area heard it and came by hundreds to listen to him, says Segni. They wondered why he was standing there by the fire. ”Well,“ he said, “my house is so big that I have got a shelter for all the people in Seljord. It isn’t like you who denied a lonesome, ice-painted man a roof over his head.” Then he sang loud, long ballads, people heard it all over the village and flocked to it. Everyone wanted him at their home. That Christmas Eve, the singer was stunned.

His last years Lodvor Olavsson didn’t leave Vinje. But he walked around from place to place and house to house no matter what the weather was like. Many times he lost his way, but he managed all the time, strong as a bear he was, to survive. He died at an age of ninety years in 1801. Many of his children died young, but one of the daughters, Birgit, grew up and had a long life. She lived at a small place called Grandalen nearby Midsæ. She was a gifted musician, like her father, and played and old string instrument called ‘langleik‘.”

Langeleik Vest-Telemark Museum (CC BY-NC-SA)

Another of Lodvor’s children was “Store” [the older] Ole Lodvorsson and his second wife, Hege Jonsdotter, born the 20 JUN 1756 at Vinje, Telemark, Norway. He married at Vinje the 10th April 1790 to Asloûg Elifesdotter (grandmother to Asloûg Elifesdotter Vanstrum, the immigrant and my 2nd great grandmother). The older Asloûg gave birth to Ole’s son, Elif , 25th of October 1795. Sadly Ole, his father had died 4th of September 1795 less than 2 months before his birth.

My husband pointed out I was lucky that Lodvor Olavsson was a colorful character as if he had been an upstanding citizen, nothing would have been written about him. If he had not lost everything perhaps Asloûg would have stayed in Norway and I would never have been born! So thank you bestefar [grandpa] Lodvor!

In honor of Lodvor I offer this Norwegian Draumkvedet [The Dream Poem] a Norwegian visionary song, probably dated from the late medieval age. It is one of the best known medieval ballads in Norway. The first written versions are from Lårdal and Kviteseid in Telemark in the 1840s. Here sung by Harald Foss.

Kelly Wheaton ©2023 – All Rights Reserved

How My Forty Year Old Brick Wall Was Broken: The Benevolence of Strangers and the Problem with Names

This is a brick wall that my Aunt Dorothy and I began working on in the 1970’s and it took Forty Years to solve! Sadly it was solved 17 years after my aunt passed. And it happened over ten years ago! I have written several drafts but I am hoping to properly thank those genealogists that made it all possible. First off a thank you to my Aunt Dorothy who was better at the early Swedish and Norwegian research than I was. Tusen takk for the generosity of countless Norwegian genealogists and kin. They are second to none! Please be patient with brick walls and overdue thanks yous. Although I said thank you back then, I continue to feel gratitude to all who united Elizabeth with her roots. To those with your own brick walls be heartened that BRICK WALLS do fall and sometimes in the most unexpected ways. Here is one such story.

Elizabeth Olson Vanstrum

BRICK WALLS

Elizabeth Olson is my 2nd great grandmother and my mother & aunt’s great grandmother born in 1827 in Norway. She emigrated to the United States in 1852 which we knew way back in the 1970’s from the 1900 Census. My Aunt Dorothy had also located a lovely church registry in Red Wing, Minneapolis [see below]. Back in the 1980’s which listed her birthplace and Winge Sogn. I had written to all the all the County Archives in Norway with a Vinje, Winge, Vange etc looking for a birth record for either Elizabeth or her younger sister Sigrid Olson, but to no avail. All letters came back they could not be found.

Entry form Red Wing, Goodhue County Minnesota listing Elizabeth’s birth as Vinge or Winge Sogn Norge

We also had the purported names of her parents from her sister’s death certificate listed as Olaf Olsen & Jennie Jestedatter. So for the next 4 decades we chased down leads– that led to NOWHERE!

Then in 1973 I contacted a DNA match at ANCESTRY using the then “new” search feature looking for ones with the Lan [county] Sogn og Fjordlane, Norway where I thought Elizabeth’s Vinje was located. My great Aunt Verna Lundberg Tripod had even written her name and “from Near Bergen” on the back of a photo of Elizabeth. And my mother used to tell a tale of her skiing down the slopes to get to Bergen. Well my match at Ancestry, Terry, said he didn’t know how we were related but he ran a private Norwegian Genealogy Research group on FACEBOOK and if I’d like he would place my query there. That was 2 July 2013, I said yes, I would appreciate that. Here is what Terry Romstad posted:

The original Facebook post

At the time I was not a member of Facebook. Now seeing as this was a brick wall I had been searching for 40 years I really did not expect much. The next morning I got an email from Terry. A wonderful researcher had found Elizabeth, her sister Sigird, their emigration records and everything matched except the names.

So in less than 24 hours I went from no parents for Elizabeth to her parents and sister’s birth records just like that! It was Jean Marthler who found the records!!! And here is the kicker if the archivist had not been caught up with the names but matched the baptismal records they would have been located back in 1983. Here is the letter.

NAMES

So one VERY IMPORTANT MORAL is don’t get caught up on the names and especially when you are dealing with someone whose native language was not English. In this case Asloûg took Elizabeth as her Americanized given name. The English ‘Elizabeth’ and Norwegian ‘Asloûg’ both mean “consecrated or given to God” so this was not a name simply plucked at random. [Please note people did not receive a new name upon arrival—however they often took up a new name after arrival.] Her last name, in contraindication of the Norwegian patronymic system– where her last name would be her father’s first name plus “dotter” as in Elifesdotter, she took her father’s last name Olson dropping the double “ss”. So Asloûg Eilefdotter, daughter of Elif Olsson, became Elizabeth Olson. And it makes sense that not only her first name, but her choice of a last name would be based soundly in the land she chose to make her own. Add to the fact that Olson was a great deal easier than Eilfesdotter or Eilfeson. Then to further muddy the naming waters, sixteen years after Elizabeth’s immigration, her sister, Sigrid, joined her in America [1868]. After arrival, Sigrid took the last name Olson as well. So my advice to my much younger self, is ask for any child born/baptised in a small village on or about the day in question. These days we have access to the digital records so this is not as much of a thing. Lest you have any doubts that this is the right person further DNA matching has proved it!

SCANDINAVIAN RECORDS

#12 is Asloûg’s Baptism in 1827 Vinje, Telemark

If you are lucky enough to have Scandinavian ancestry you are lucky indeed because there records are second to none. I had been quite successful researching my Swedish Ancestry and Norwegian records are just as wonderful. Not only are baptisms, marriages and burials dutifully recorded we also have confirmations, household examination rolls and all the comings and goings of people in and out of the parish and immigration records and ship’s passenger lists. So if you are lucky enough to finally cross the pond and locate your ancestor in Norway as Jean Mathler did for me, a treasure trove of records awaits you. I highly recommend the Family Search Library guides:

BENEVOLENCE

You have seen how a DNA match at Ancestry, Terry, led to a fellow, Norwegian Researcher Jean but it did not end there. The number of people on the Norwegian genealogy Facebook Group and elsewhere that helped me along the way with Asloûg’s ancestors, translations, books ect is numerous but two individuals are stand-outs. The first is Sharon who it turns out is a distant cousin and she sent me pages and pages of Family Group Sheets and Family trees for Gunvor Gislesdatter’s Ancestors [Asloûg’s mother]. And the other was A lovely retired schoolteacher from the Vinje area, Øystein Løk, whose kindness was overflowing. He sent me the Vol 3 of “Her budde dei” published in 2010 by the Vinje Hisorleilag and it has many, many references to my ancestors including this one which shows Aslaûg and her sister Sigrid and that they both immigrated to “Amerika.” Though I do not speak Norwegian you can use Google Translate to transcribe. I have underlined her parents and Aslaûg and her sister Sigrid. Please note both Aslaûg and her sister are listed as “Ho reiser til Amerika” or She travels to America. Proof positive we got the right family. [Click on Photo to see full image]

Øystein tirelessly helped with translating the old dialects of the old family history stories. How else would I have been able to understand the stories of Lazy Lodvord my 5th great grandfather. And it was Øystein who provided me with photos of the farm where Asloûg was born.; Jabrenne,

More to Asloûg’s story and ancestry hopefully in future posts. You won’t want to miss the story of Lazy Lodvord!

Tusen takk! Jeg elsker nordmenn.

Kelly Wheaton © 2023 All Rights Reserved

How Do We Know What the Y-DNA is Telling Us?

NOTE this was written to the SHELDON DNA project but the information is relevant to other surnames

I received an inquiry :

Someone was recently asking me how I knew I was related to John 13 [John of Kingstown], since we obviously don’t have the DNA of an ancestor from hundreds of years ago. I found that I could not explain this! Could you give me a simple explanation of how we can trace our ancestry back to specific Sheldons using DNA?”

I jumped at the opportunity to make this into a teachable moment. Simply stated we have the YDNA of 14 descendants of John SHELDON of Kingstown, RI through various SHELDON male lines of descent and with minor differences their YDNA STR markers match– so we can make a strong assumption that the YDNA they all inherited was through John of Kingstown who was likely the son of Isaac of Windsor, CT [More on that shortly].

Her follow-up question: Does this mean that you have had 14 living male SHELDONs submit their YDNA to the project and you have found similarities in their results? 

YES, as you can see under the green B2 results below, there are 14 male SHELDON testers from John and they all match each other. [They also match a dozen descendants of Isaac of Windsor Group B1. That’s a total of 26 that all match each other]. They do not closely match any of the other 2 million FTDNA testers as closely as they match each other and they create one of 50,000 Y-DNA branches in the human Y-DNA tree.

With minor deviations over time, a man passes his YDNA from father to son, son to grandson and grandson to great grandson and so forth. So, John of Kingstown’s YDNA is essentially the same as any of his strict patrilineal male descendants or ancestors. The only difference will be a different YSTRS value at a marker or two and occasionally a YSNP (mutation) that will further identify a branch in which it occurred. [YDNA does not go through the process of recombination like autosomal DNA.] Please see my DNA terminology for definitions.

Let’s look at a screen shot of the SHELDON project YDNA results. The first two groups are descendants of Godfrey of Bakewell and a Bakewell SHELDON descendant still living in England. The second two green groups are the descendants of Isaac SHELDON of Windsor CT [Group B1 ]and John of Kingstown RI [Group B2]. If you look at the string of values you will see the orange group have similar values as the green groups for the first 4 markers but at markers 5-6 things diverge broadly. Moreover note in the 5th column, the E-M35 of the orange group vs R-M269 of the green group.  The Letters E and R refer to the major Y-DNA Haplogroups. Any two people in two different Haplogroups (even with similar markers) cannot be related in a reasonable amount of time—and most likely 5-10,000 years ago or more. So we know that Group A and Group B are not related in a genealogical time frame.

The number after the E  is the name of the marker: ie. M35. Markers are named with a letter(s) for the lab and a chronologically assigned number based on when the marker was discovered. The Haplogroup markers (YSNPS) are different from the Y STRS markers which make the many columns we see above. The Broad Haplogroups are based on a mutation that typically happens just once in the history of mankind and all men carrying that marker will have a common ancestor. In the case of the marker M35 (Haplogroup E) the common ancestor is 15,000- 20,500 years ago. For Haplogroup R M269 the common ancestor is 4,000-10,000 years ago. So Haplogroup E is much more ancient than Haplogroup R. The oldest Haplogroup is A and the letters are assigned in alphabetical order. The other values seen after the E or R are markers and those listed in green have been tested usually through a Big Y test, those in red are predicted.

Here is an annotated Beta time tree of Group B:

Courtesy of Family Tree DNA

I have put a red box around the date 1000 Current age (aka as AD). We have a match with a descendant of a GRIFFIN whose common ancestor with Group B is about 1,000 years ago. You can see the defining marker for Group B is BY35166 about the year 1500. Then we have a branching in descendants of John of Kingstown and Isaac Jr of Windsor about 1600-1650. Having the marker A20644 is definitive for a John 13 descendant. Having the marker FGC74472 is definitive for an Isaac Jr descendant. So if you are a male SHELDON and test positive for marker A20644 you are a John of Kingstown descendant!!!

Another follow up question: 

Why can we make a “strong assumption” that they inherited their DNA from John….why not someone from else? 

Because in addition to the matches on YSTRS  we have 12 Big Y testers who are Group B SHELDONs and they all match YSNPS with each other but no other surnames are positive for BY35166 so this would be considered conclusive evidence that the surname of the progenitor was SHELDON. Now it is always possible that Isaac was surnamed something else but from him forward they are all surnamed SHELDON. We know we don’t match the Group A  group from Derbyshire. The twelve Big Y testers surnamed SHELDON claim Descent from Isaac of Windsor or John of Kingstown. We have two major branches below R-BY35166 which further defines Isaac Sr’s sons Isaac Jr and John of Kingstown.

I hope that answers your questions! Thanks Jan for asking.

If we look closer we can see that some members of Group B1 (Isaac) and Group B2 (John) have identical YSTR markers. They share the same BY35166 and other non-DNA evidence suggests that John of Kingstown is likely the son of Isaac of Windsor—thus brother to Isaac Jr of Windsor. You can read more about that here.

Kelly Wheaton ©2023 All Rights Reserved

Nicholas BROME & the Three Murders: Part Five

Nicholas BROME stained glass depiction at St Michael Baddesley Clinton

ST JAMES now ST MICHAEL at BADDESLEY CLINTON

The above window at St Michael Baddesley Clinton [previously St James] gives some important details of Nicholas BROOME’s life: ” Nicholas BROME Esq. Lord & owner of Baddesley Clinton. Married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Rawfre ARUNDELL of Eggleshole in the County of Cornwall, Knight Anno Domini 1473 and died the 10 October 1517 leaving issue Isabell and Constance his two daughters and lieth buried at the church dore.” This stained glass and those around it [see photo below] were commissioned by his daughter Constance who married Sir Edward FERRERS and inherited Baddesley Clinton Manor. This of course shows a pious Nicholas BROME in prayer. Perhaps praying for the souls of his father John BROME; John HERTHILL, who murdered his father and whose death Nicholas avenged by killing him; his soul [Nicholas], and that of the priest that Nicholas murdered [assumed to be William FOSTER].

St Michael’s Baddesley Clinton

We have already noted that Nicholas BROME’s penance for the killing of the priest of Baddesley Clinton, was that Nicholas agreed to raise the walls of the Church at Baddesley Clinton by 10 feet and add a bell tower and he also agreed to fit nearby St Giles Packwood with a new bell tower as well. This is immortalized in the Bell Tower at Baddesley Clinton thus:

Inscription in the Bell Tower at St Michael Baddesley Clinton

According to Dugale there was a window at Packwood St. Giles with this inscription: “Orate pro anima Nicholas Brome , qui campanile de fieri fecit” Translated: “Pray for the Soul of Nicholas BROME who built the bell tower.” These two towers known as the towers of expiation were built during his lifetime. Nicholas appointed 4 priests to Baddesley Clinton in his lifetime:

  • William FOSTER 29 Nov 1478 [believed to be the priest he murdered c1485, after which there was a period of no clergy]
  • Ale AWEN 23 May 1493
  • William SNELESTON 14 Nov 1499
  • Robert BANKE 8 Oct 1501

WILL OF NICHOLAS BROME

But of all the records of Nicholas I find his Will is the most illuminating. It tells us a fuller story of this man’s conscience and the burdens he carried. Nicholas BROME writes his will the 3rd day of October 1516, a year before his death. He does not mention his third wife Leticia so it seems likely she predeceased him, likely shortly before the Will was written.:

Woodloes Manor where Nicholas lived out his days courtesy of Google

I Nicholas BROME of Woodlow Esqr. beninge of hole of mynde [mind] and of good memory thanked be almightee God do make and ordeyne [ordain] this my present testamente and last will in manner and forme hereafter follwinge. First I bequeathe my soule unto almightee God my creator and saviour to our Lady St Mary and to all the saints and my body to be buried within the church doore of St James [Now St Michael] in Baddesley there as the people may tread upon me when they come to churchI also will that there be ordeyned [ordained] and layed upon my grave a flat stone of marble with an image of Latine of a meetly quantitee with a scripture mention of the day and yeere of my deceasde and my armes therupon to the intent I amy hereafter be the better remembered and prayed for.”

Bell Tower of St Michael Baddesley Clinton

What we have seen in Antiquities of Warwickshire by Dugale, there was indeed a stone of marble and a likeness in brass of Nicholas. According to John Jarman, first tour guide of the National Trust property at Baddesley Clinton, “in 1870 there was a restoration of the church by Lady Chatterton and they found there were a number of tombstones on the floor of the nave of the Church, including Nicholas’ in the doorway”, which was a large marble stone and on it was a figure of a knight in armour…” Upon further excavation it was discovered that he had been buried vertically. While his will does not specifically say this it may have been his intent to be buried thus, as a final penance, where he shall never lay at rest. I can find only 2 other vertical graves in the 16th and 17th century England, both after Nicholas BROME’s burial. The first was Sir John SPELMAN of Narborough, Norfolk, Judge of the King’s Bench who died 26 Feb 1543. The second, is the playwright and poet Ben JOHNSON who died in August 1637 and was buried at. Westminster in the Poet’s corner. He is said to have remarked “I am too poor for that and no one will lay out funeral charges upon me. No, sir, six feet long by two feet wide is too much for me: two feet by two feet will do for all I want.” It is certainly unusual for the time. As a patron of the church Nicholas was entitled to be buried there, the fact that he spells out his desire to be ” buried within the church doore of St James in Baddesley there as the people may tread upon me when they come to church” seems significant.

Threshold of St Michael Baddesley Clinton with newer marker for Nicholas Brome

Nicholas asks that a Mass be said for him at Baddesley Clinton for ten years by the parson. He asks that the following religious institutions sing mass and dirge for “my soule”. These include:

  • Corpus Christie Geeld [Guild] in Coventree [Coventry]
  • Grey Friers of Coventree [where I am a brother]
  • Gueeld [Guild] of Warwick; The Guildhall now Lord Leycester’s Hospital was built in 1450 by Richard Neville “The Kingmaker”. It was a place where members met to discuss religion, politics and trade.
  • Black Friers of Warwick [where I am a brother]
  • Convent of St Mary’s in Worcester [where I am a brother]
  • Priest of Aston Cantlow [where I am a brother]
  • The Prioresse and Convent of the house of Wroxall [Where his sister Joyce BROME was Prioress]
  • The Warde and prieste of the Geeld of Knoll [Guild of Knowle] [where I am a brother]

The concept that prayers for the dead, by the living, could aid the dead in purgatory and affect their ultimate salvation was a common belief during this period. Christian burial demonstrates that death was not the deadline for salvation and there was still hope of redemption. I think it is safe to see poor Nicholas believed he needed all the help he could get in avoiding eternal purgatory or worse. Whatever we think of him using today’s metric in his time the avenging of his father’s death would have been a private matter, and viewed as honorable. The killing of a priest, no matter the circumstance would have been perceived as most unfortunate. Not only would the church extract its price in the funding of the two towers of expiation there appears to be a moral price that Nicholas paid as well.

Below are photos of some of the religious or affiliated institutions Nicholas BROME mentions in his will. Three were 3 Guilds: Coventry, Warwick and Knowle; 2 Convents: Worcester and Wroxall; 3 Monasteries: Coventry, Knowle and Warwick; and 2 parish churches: Baddesley Clinton and Aston Cantlow. He was either a generous man or felt he needed all the help he could get, or both.

Black Friar (Dominican) from Antiquities of Warwickshire
Lord Leycester Hospital previously Warwick Guildhall © CC by David Dixon
Monastic remains St Mary’s Worcester © CC by Chris Allen
Aston Cantlow Guildhall © CC by David Dixon
Remains of Wroxall Abbey © CC by Robin Stott
Knowle Guildhall © CC by Noisar

He also mentions the Manors at Woodloe, Upper Woodcote, Nether Woodcote, and lands at Norton, Offchurch, and Eathorpe and that the profits be used for the marriage of his daughters and the same to be given to his son Edward reaches 21 years of age. His son Raufe to receive his lands and tenements at Yardley and Shirley when he reaches 21. All properties and religious institutions are within about 9 miles of Baddesley Clinton save the Convent of St Mary at Worcester. This map shows their locations.

Bartholomew’s 1903 annotated map of Warwick

I think it is safe to say he was a conscientious father making arrangements for all of his children to be well settled. His father was murdered and he avenged his father’s death. His brother died and he inherited his brother’s inheritance. He was thrice married and had at least seven children survive to maturity. He died about the age of 67 and lived through 6 Kings of England: Henry VI, Edward IV, Edward V, Richard III, Henry VII and Henry VIII. Nicholas BROME was a man of the tumultuous times through which he live, but he was also a man with a conscience.

“O coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me!”

William Shakespeare ‘Richard III’ Act 5, S. 3

LEGACY & FATE

If there is a silver lining to Nicholas’ death perhaps it is that he did not live to see the Act of Supremacy of 28 November 1534, which formally made King Henry VIII head of the Church of England [with the help of Thomas Cromwell]. This led to the dissolution of the monasteries and religious houses from 1536-1541 which would have been unthinkable to Nicholas at his death. His daughter, Constance and son-in-law, Sir Edward FERRERS held Baddesley Clinton and remained devout Catholics. Edward FERRERS’ great-grandson Henry (1549-1633) was a lawyer at the Middle Temple, London and in 1586 he rented the house to the devout Catholics, Anne VAUX and her sister Eleanor BROOKSBY had “priest holes”constructed at Baddesley Clinton Manor. Below are photos of two of several priest holes at Baddesley Clinton Manor. During this time there was a network of travelling priests who visited many of the Manors held by Catholics. Masses were strictly forbidden so this forced these services to be held secretly. A turn of events Nicholas could have scarcely envisioned.

In 1591 a raid was made on the Manor at Baddesley Clinton, but it failed to find any Jesuits hiding there. However, on the 8th of July 1603 a Mr BURGOYNE, magistrate, who was living at the desecrated priory of Wroxall [where previously Nicholas’ sister had been prioress] sent a constable bearing a warrant to search a Catholic house at Poundley End, Rowington. He did not find the priest he was looking for, however, on the road back, not far from Baddesley Clinton he came upon Robert GRESWOLD in the company of the venerable John SUGAR, priest. The two were arrested and committed to the Warwick gaol where they were confined for over a year.

Section of the 1895 Ordnance Survey Map showing the route from Poundley End to Baddesley Clinton
note Wroxall to the right

Both were offered the opportunity to renounce their Catholic faith. They both refused and were executed by hanging on 16th of July 1604. They were both beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1987. This was immortalized in a painting by Rebecca Dulcibella ORPHEN who married Marmion Edward FERRERS in 1867. The painting was destroyed however a photo of it can be found here. There are some new Frescos of Robert GRESWOLD and John SUGAR which you can read about here. They were painted by Martin Earle at St Francis of Assisi Baddesley Clinton in 2020.

Robert GRESWOLD [a distant cousin] is listed as a husbandman and servant to a Mr SHELDON of Broadway. This is most certainly William SHELDON (c1562-1626) who held the Manor of Broadway beginning in 1584. William SHELDON (1562-1626 or later) took over Broadway Manor in 1584. This suggests a strong network of Catholic loyalists among the gentry of Warwickshires and Worcestershire. I expect a future blog post will delve more into this. As some of you know we suspect the SHELDON’s of Broadway may be the progenitors of 2 branches of American SHELDONs.

Today I count myself among the many descendants of Nicholas BROME. I came upon Nicholas, almost by accident when searching for ancestors in Warwickshire, preceding a trip there in 2019. I hope that I have done Nicholas justice in fleshing out more about him. It is my fervent hope that Nicholas found peace in the afterlife.

Stairway and Timber frame construction at Baddesley Clinton Manor

Kelly Wheaton ©2023 – All Rights Reserved

Earlier parts of the Murders of Nicholas Brome:

Part One

Part Two

Part Three

Part Four

NICHOLAS BROME & the Three Murders: Part Four

When last we left Nicholas BROME we had fixed on the approximate date of the murder of the priest as about 1485. One of the challenges of trying to understand Nicholas is to understand the time and the circumstance in which he lived. Trying to do so with someone who lived 500 years ago presents challenges. I also alluded to the fact that the murders Nicholas BROME committed he paid for dearly, and not just in money. I will treat that in detail in Part Five. In this, Part Four I hope to flush out the rest of Nicholas’s life after the murders. If you are not interested in the family—then stay tuned for Part FIve.

The biggest challenge with Nicholas has been discerning the most accurate details from conflicting information. Below are the Arms of John BROME & ELizabeth ARUNDELL (left) and Sir Edward FERRERS & Constance BROME from Baddesley Clinton Manor.

FIRST MARRIAGE

There is no doubt as to Nicholas’ first wife and the two daughters born of that marriage. He was married to Elizabeth Arundell, daughter of Sir Renfrey “Ralph” ARUNDELL and his wife Joan COLESHULL. Elizabeth was about ten years his senior. We know from the records that this was Elizabeth’s second marriage as she had previously married to William WHITTINGTON who died in 1470. She brings to the union with Nicholas, her 5 children (surnamed WHITTINGTON) son John, 16, and 4 daughters ages 8 to 14. She does not bring an estate or sums of money. They marry 10 Feb 1474. To this union two daughters are born: Isabel the oldest born about 1475 and Constance born about 1478. Isabel marries Thomas MARROW(E). Constance marries Sir Edward FERRERS to whom the Baddesley Clinton estate passes upon Nicholas’ death. Below are the drawings showing the Arms of Nicholas BROME and intermarried families from the College of Knowle.

Coats of Arms from the windows at the Chapel at Knowle from Antiquities of Warwickshire by William Dugale 1656 pg 703 Including BROME, ARUNDELL, FERRERS and MARROW

SECOND MARRIAGE

The BROME Family tree from The Antiquities of Warwickshire Illustrated Dugale Vol 2 pg 971

I am indebted to Anne Elliott author of ‘My Husband’ for providing me documentation, that the second marriage was to Katherine LAMPETT (LAMPECK) and NOT Letitia C. The above tree has all 3 wives, unlike the Visitation of Warwickshire that has only two [ARUNDELL & CATESBY]. I believe this accurately places the first two daughters and the two male heirs: Edward and Ralph to their appropriate mothers, Katherine and Letitia respectively. It is missing the later female offspring Elizabeth, Joyce and Anne. In a deed 10 Feb 1506 at Warwick Records Office (CR0023/1/1/65) it mentions Nicholas Brome, esquire and Katherine his wife. We know that their son Edward BROME son of said Katherine LAMPECK is buried at the Baddesley Clinton church according to Norris 1897 and Dugale 1730. We also know that Elizabeth BROME is buried there as wife of Thomas HAWES of Solihull and she is believed to be her daughter as well.

Antiquities of Warwickshire Vol 2 Dugale 1730

We learn from Dugale that Edward BROME is buried at Baddesley Clinton Church, son of Nicholas and Katherine (LAMPECK) BROME. Also next to Elizabeth (BROME), believed to be his full sister. The “fair portraiture, of a man in armour of Nicholas BROME has since been removed.” So unfortunately the brass likeness of Nicholas BROME was removed and we know not where it resides. Here is a brass of Thomas BEAUCHAMP of at Collegiate of St Mary, Warwick, so it may have been something similar.

Thomas BEAUCHAMP Collegiate of St Mary, Warwick, England

THIRD MARRIAGE

In a deed of 11 Jul 1511 it mentions “Nicholas BROME, esquire of the manor of Wodelowe [Woodloes], for the term of his life, then after his death for the terms of his male heirs by his late wife Katherine, and then of his heirs by his present wife Letitia…” So we know by Jul 1511 Nicholas is married to his third wife Leticia CATESBY. So we can estimate a death date of Katherine of about 1507 and the third marriage likely shortly thereafter due to the young children Nicholas had with Elizabeth. Men traditionally found an eligible bride in a timely manner after a wife’s death. A marriage to Ms CATESBY would be opportune as it would be an opportunity to settle property disagreements with the adjacent CATESBYs. The will of Nicholas mentions the following children: Edward, 3 daughters namely Elizabeth, Joice and Anne and his two daughter [from first wife, Elizabeth] Dame Constance FERRERS and Dorthea MARROW and finally his son Raufe [Ralph] assumed to be of his third wife Letitica.

CHILDREN

So to the best of our available information

Children of Elizabeth and Nicholas

  • Isabel BROME born c1475; married c1495 to Sir Thomas MARROW
  • Constance BROME Born c1477; married c1497 to Sir Edward FERRERS; she died in 1551

Children of Katherine and Nicholas

  • Edward BROME born c1500; married c.1525 to Margery BEAUFO; no issue; he died 1531
  • Elizabeth BROME born c1506; married Thomas HAWES; she died before 18 Mar 1567
  • John BROME c. 1509 assumed to have died young not listed in Will of Nicholas [not sure about his existence]

Children of Leticia and Nicholas

  • Ralph BROME born c1511; married 2 Jun 1539 to Alice DIGBY at Coleshill, Warcs.; he died 20 Oct 1568
  • Joyce [Joice] BROME born c1512; Unmarried; died after 1567 [mentioned in Will of brother Ralph BROME]
  • Anne BROME c1514; mentioned in will of father so alive in 1516

TIMELINE, dates approximate:

  • 1440 Elizabeth ARUNDELL born (Nicholas’ future wife)
  • 1447 Thomas BROME born (older brother to Nicholas)
  • 1450 Nicholas BROME born
  • 1458 Elizabeth ARUNDELL first marries William WHITTINGTON
  • 1468 John BROME (father of Nicholas) is murdered by John HERTHILL at Whitefriars in London, eldest son Thomas BROME inherits Woodloes, Brome Place etc
  • 1470 WIlliam WHITTINGTON dies (leaving 5 children 8-16)
  • 14 April 1471 Richard NEVILLE “the Kingmaker” dies
  • 20 Dec 1473 Settlement between Nicholas, Beatrix & John BROME & Elizabeth Whyttyngton sister of John ARUNDELL DR3/264 Shakespeare Trust
  • 10 Feb 1474 Nicholas BROME marries Elizabeth (ARUNDELL) WHITTINGTON, widow
  • 1471 Nicholas kills John HERTHILL;
  • 16 Mar & 18 Mar 1472 Settles with HERTHILL’s widow
  • 1475 Isabel BROME born to Nicholas & ELizabeth
  • 1478 Constance BROME born to Nicholas & ELizabeth
  • 1478 Nicholas BROME appoints William FOSTER as priest at Baddesley Clinton
  • 1483 King Edward IV dies as does his mother Beatrice (SHIRLEY) BROME
  • 1485 Nicholas kills the priest at Baddesley Clinton
  • 1486 Thomas BROME (Nicholas’ brother) dies without issue Nicholas inherits his father’s estate
  • 1495 Isabel BROME marries Sir Thomas MARROW
  • 7 May 1496 Nicholas BROME receives Pardon from King Henry VII
  • 1497 Constance BROME marries Sir Edward FERRERS
  • 5 December 1497 Elizabeth BROME mentioned in deed (still alive)
  • 1498-99 Elizabeth BROME’s death
  • 1500 second marriage to Katherine LAMPETT [LAMPECK]
  • 1500 birth of son Edward BROME
  • 21 January 1501 Indenture between George Catesby, esq., and Nicholas Brome [aka Broune] of Baddesley, esq., concerning the manor place of Brome with lands and appurtenances in the parish of Lapworth MS 3525/28 Birmingham Archives
  • 10 Feb 1506 Deed Nicholas BROME, & Katherine his wife, of the manors of Wodlowes and Wodcote, …to the legitimate male heirs of Nicholas and Katherine, then to the legitimate heirs of Nicholas and his late wife Elizabeth. CR0026/1/1/65 Warwickshire Archives
  • 1506 birth of daughter Elizabeth BROME
  • 1509 birth of son John BROME (assumed died young)
  • 1510 estimated death of Katherine and 3rd marriage of Nicholas to Leticia CATESBY
  • 11 Jul 1511 Deed mentions current wife Letitia and late wife Katherine CR0026/1/1/67 Warwickshire Archives
  • 1511 birth of Ralph BROME
  • 1512 birth of Joyce [Joice] BROME
  • 1514 birth of Anne BROME
  • 1516 assumed death of wife Letitica who is not mentioned in will; Nicholas is Escheator for Warwickshire CR0026/1/10/54 Warwickshire Archives
  • 13 Oct 1516 will of Nicholas BROME written
  • Oct 1517 death of Nicholas BROME; The Inquisition Post Mortem took place in 9 Henry VIII (April 1517 to April 1518)

In part five we will examine Nicholas in light of his murders and the price of his conscience.

Kelly Wheaton ©2023 – ALl Rights Reserved

NICHOLAS BROME & the Three Murders: Part Two

“Plucking the Red and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens” by Henry Albert Payne based on a scene in Shakespeare’s Henry VI

“This late dissension grown betwixt the peers
Burns under feigned ashes of forg’d love,
And will at last break out into a flame:
As festered members rot but by degree,
Till bones and flesh and sinews fall away,
So will this base and envious discord breed.”

William Shakespeare, 
Henry VI Part 1

When last we left young Nicholas BROME in 1468, he was 18, and his father, John had been murdered while attending Mass at Whitefriars church in London by John HERTHILL, steward to Richard NEVILLE, aka ‘The Kingmaker.

The Kingmaker “Richard Neville” at the Collegiate of St Mary Warwick, Beauchamp Chapel ©2023 Mark Sutton

We must note that the HERTHILL’s and the BROMEs were on opposite sides in the War of the Roses. Although both the families had been previously under the protection of the Beauchamp family now they are adversaries: The Yorkist, HERTHILL and the Lancastrian, BROME. Quite a backstory for our young Nicholas! By 1450 the manor was under attack by Yorkist aligned forces. Whereas, John BROME had enjoyed successful trade with King Henry VI his fortunes were tied to the King’s rise and fall. When Henry VI was deposed in 1461 by Edward IV he lost his important connections to the crown. Although he loses some of his land in Lapworth, due to well placed friends Simon Mountfort of Coleshill and Sir Richard Verney he manages to retain his other lands in Baddesley Clinton and Warwick.

This was a period of incredible tumult and danger. From the article Violent Death in Fourteenth- and Early Fifteenth-Century England by Barbara A Hanawalt we learn that death by homicide in the cities of Oxford and London was more likely than death by accident in the 14th and 15th centuries. And we learn that Sunday was the most dangerous day, for most murders occurred on Sundays and by those with whom the person was acquainted. John BROME was attacked on a Sunday by someone with whom he was well acquainted who also had a grudge. We must note that enforcement of both church and civil law was lax during this period. “We must also note that while the Yorkist King Edward IV was in power, “the Kingmaker’s” steward John HERTHILL would have enjoyed his protection. But the tides take a change as Edward IV becomes unpopular and Henry VI’s wife, Queen Margaret, who has been exile in Scotland, works a secret deal with “The Kingmaker” which leads to Henry VI retaking the throne in October of 1470. [Not hard to see why Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick came by that moniker.] But alas the Kingmaker meets his maker 14 April 1471 and with his death John HERTHILL’s protection dies.

THE SECOND MURDER

1892 Map showing Warwick Castle to Barford and Longbridge as well as Brome Place at Bridge End
The View looking South East of Warwick Castle

The 11th of April 1471, Edward VI is back on the throne. John HERTHILL is a free man and traveling regularly between Warwick Castle and Barwick, the court of the Earl of Warwick. HERTHILL would have left Warwick Castle and travelled on the west side of the River Avon perhaps with views like the one above. On his way to Barford he would travel through Longbridge field picture below.

Longbridge Field courtesy of Robin Stott Geograph

On one such day someone else was marking his travels. Young Nicholas BROME confronts John HERTILL and an argument ensues. We must suspect that young Nicholas had vowed to avenge his father’s death since the law had not. And now he had reached the age of majority and the Kingmaker is dead, he must have felt it was his duty. In an event young Nicholas is successful and John HERTHILL is no more.

“Live by the sword, die by the sword.”

Early 15c illustration of Longsword

So what happens to our murderer? According to James William HAWES in his book Edmond Hawes of Yarmouth: “In wreaking private vengeance Nicholas BROME did nothing contrary to the habits of the time. During the Anglo Saxon period and for a century or more under the Normans private vengeance was recognized as a legal right and the injury done by a homicide could be compensated by payment of money (weregild).” Weregild otherwise known as “blood money.” So we find, not surprisingly, Nicholas in Arbitration at Coventry , 18 March 1472, is ordered to pay for a priest at Baddesley Clinton to say daily prayers for the souls of both his father, John BROME and John HERTHILL. Additionally he is to pay Elizabeth HERTHILL, John’s widow, 33 shillings and fourpence recompense. No matter which side the BROME family was on it, they retained friends in high places. The BROMES were benefactors of the church and had an extensive network of friends. In 1471 Simon Montford of Coleshill was appointed sheriff of Warwick and Leicester. He along with Richard Verney were good friends of his Nicholas’ father.

Although much remodeled Baddesley Clinton today and below as it may have been in Nicholas BROME’s time.

Interior Courtyard Baddesley Clinton ©2019 Kelly Wheaton
Baddesley Clinton as it may have looked c. 1460

NICHOLAS MARRIAGE

Marriage, at this time, was often a strategic decision involving lands and dowry. Young Nicholas, at 23, agrees on a marriage settlement the 20th of December 1473 with the widow of William WHITTINGTON who died in 1470. Born Elizabeth ARUNDELL and about 10 years Nicholas’s senior she comes with a son John, 16, and 4 daughters ages 8 to 14. An odd marriage considering that there was no large payment or land acquisition involved. His wife was heiress to her brother, John ARUNDEL a cleric, who is party to the agreement. Perhaps John ARUNDELL was looking to settle his sister in a good estate and Nicholas is hoping to make further amends in the eyes of the church by marrying a widow and taking in her children.

Shortly before 12 January 1474. Nicholas’ brother Thomas BROME dies without issue. This means Nicholas inherits all the lands of their father, that had previously passed to Thomas. [Thomas was married to Johan (Joan) MIDDLEMORE. She later married to Sir John MYTTON, and litigation ensues over the Manor of Woodloes.]

So widow Elizabeth and Nicholas are wed 10th of February 1474 likely at St Michael’s Baddesley. This map of the church shows only the Nave was extant at that time.

This shows the reverse view from the opposite side.

St Michael’s Baddesley Clinton ©2019 Kelly Wheaton

To this marriage we know two children are born: Isabel about 1474 and Constance about 1478 when her mother would have been 45. Also in 1478 Nicholas appoints William Foster to be the new parish priest at Baddesley Clinton. The 9 April 1483 King Edward IV dies suddenly and his son Edward V succeeds him.

Window at Baddesley Clinton

The window at Baddesley Clinton showing the black and yellow of the BROME Coat of Arms. And the Red with yellow diamonds of FERRER family. Elizabeth and Nicholas’s daughter Constance marries Edward FERRER 1 Dec 1497.

We have another murder to contend with in our next chapter.

Kelly Wheaton @2023 – All Rights Reserved

NICHOLAS BROME & the Three Murders: Part Three

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Bosses at St Peter’s Church Coughton Court
Cystus Scoparius 1806 Curtis

The Plantagenet Kings represented the richest family in Europe and they ruled the English throne from 1154 to 1485 while also holding Anjou in France. The name Plantagenet comes from “planta genista,” Latin for the yellow broom plant. A symbol of humility, the broom sprig was chosen as the badge of the royal house of Plantagenet and was worn by the Counts of Anjou on their caps. It is believed to have been worn during the crusades to the Holy Land. So the surname BROME has a connection to both the crown and to the church.

BROME Coat of Arms showing Broom seed pods from A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 4, Hemlingford Hundred,
pg 13-19. 

As you can see above the BROME family Coat of Arms had 3 sprigs of Broom and the seal of Nicholas was a sprig of broom below.

Watercolor of Nicholas BROME Wax Seal on document dated 20 Nov 1503 DR3/289 Shakespeare Archives

As mentioned earlier the BROME family were devout Catholics. Nicholas’ older sister Joyce BROME was the prioress of nearby Wroxall Abbey [see map for proximity] from about 1501-1525. Joyce died there on 21 June, 1528. And Nicholas’s brother-in-law, John ARUNDEL becomes in 1496 Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, and later Bishop of Exeter in 1502. The BROME family are intertwined with the church but this devotion to the church is about to take an ironic twist.

1892 Map showing Baddesley Clinton Manor, St Michael’s Church, Wroxall Abbey & Broom Hall

Fragments of cloisters, Wroxall Abbey Together with the north aisle of the abbey, now Wroxall church, this is all that remains of the 12th century Benedictine nunnery at Wroxall by Robin Stott and Plan of Wroxall from A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 3, Barlichway Hundred

THIRD MURDER

“O, beware, my lord, of jealousy;
It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock
The meat it feeds on; that cuckold lives in bliss
Who, certain of his fate, loves not his wronger.”

Shakespeare Othello Act 3

Now that we have set the stage let us commence with the telling of the Third Murder. There is not a lot to tell but a short reference in William Dugale’s 1656 The Antiquities of Warwickshire. As follows “of Nich. [‘olas Brome] I have further seen, that comming on a time into his Parlour at Badsley, he found the Parish-Priest chocking his wife under the chin, whereat he was so enraged that he presently kil’d him.” Chocking , or stroking a woman’s chin in the 15th century, would have been an inappropriate intimacy for any man to undertake with another man’s wife and certainly not appropriate for the parish priest. We know no more details with which to fill in the story as it stands, in its stark soberness. So we will take Dugale at his word and can only guess if there were other extenuating circumstances. We do not know the date of the attack, or even the name of the priest for sure, but we know it had to happen between the appointment of William FOSTER as the parish priest 29 Nov 1478, by Nicholas BROME and the later appointment of Alex AWEN in 13 May 1493. We also know that Nicholas’ wife, Elizabeth, is alive 10 July 1496 when she is mentioned in a deed.

William Dugale’s 1656 The Antiquities of Warwickshire.

As you read in the Part Two, Nicholas paid blood money for the life of John HERTHILL to HERTHILL’s his wife. The amount or value placed on a person’s life was based on their status. When Nicholas killed a priest the value was much higher than for other mortal souls. He had to reckon with the church. The price Nicholas BROME paid for the death of the priest, was dear in monetray terms. He was “joyn’d to do something towards the expiation thereof; whereupon he new-built the Tower Steeple here at Badsley, from the ground, and bought three Bells for it and raised the body of the church ten feet higher: all which was expressed in his Epitaph, now torn away : and likewise built the Steeple of Packwood; in which Church Windows was this inscription, Orate pro anima Nicholas Brome qui Campanile de Pacwood fieri fecit” [Pray for the soul of Nicholas Brome who made the Bell tower of Packwood]. This would not been a small sum to renovate Baddesley Clinton’s church and add a tower to it and the church at Packwood nearby. [see map above –NW of Baddesley Clinton] Below are the two towers Nicholas BROME funded—know to some as the “Towers of Expiation [or Atonement].”

We do not know where Nicholas mother resided at this time but we do know she was buried 10 July 1483 in the Chancel at St Michael’s Baddesley Clinton, which at that time would have been in what is now the central section. The tower being added after the murder and the new Chancel wing added by the FERRER’s after Nicholas death.

PARDON

Nicholas Petitioned the King of England for a pardon for all his crimes he committed before 7 Nov 1485. This date was not long after Henry VII succeeded to the throne 22 August 1485, and his coronation was 30 October 1485. This further narrows the priest’s murder to between 29 Nov 1478 and 7 Nov 1485. In fact I would venture a guess that the murder was in 1485 when Nicholas was about 35. And for his mother’s sake I hope it was after her death in 1483.

King Henry VII’s mother was a Lancastrian and Henry VII was the first of the House of Tudor, combining the Houses of Lancaster and York, when he married Elizabeth of York 18 January 1486. Pardons were very common at this time and were used for political as well as healing purposes. For Nicholas this was a welcome opportunity. His pardon did not specify the crimes, when granted 7 May 1496. In an event getting a pardon for two murders must have been very welcomed by Nicholas.

Nicholas also petitioned the Pope. His pardon was granted by Alexander VI (Rodigio Borgia) who was Pope from 11 Aug 1492- 1 Aug 1503. I would surmise that he may have needed this pardon in order to remarry in the church.

Painting of Pope Alexander VI By Attributed to Pedro Berruguete

But he paid a deeper price which we will cover in part 4.

Kelly Wheaton ©2023 – All Rights Reserved